Economists: Tax dollars don’t make a stadium possible; they fund a gold-plated vision for major league sports

Editor’s note: This story was originally published by The Kansas City Beacon, a member of the KC Media Collective, which also includes Startland News, KCUR 89.3, American Public Square, Kansas City PBS/Flatland, and Missouri Business Alert.

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A rendering from the Kansas City Chiefs shows upgraded Chiefs Kingdom Sideline Club access to Arrowhead Stadium; images courtesy of the Kansas City Chiefs

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Nearly half of NFL and MLB subsidies go toward showy upgrades

The gold plating effect is a relatively straightforward concept.

“In a nutshell, if you split the cost of something, you buy more of it,” said Geoffrey Propheter, a public finance professor at the University of Colorado-Denver.

Propheter studied more than 100 stadiums across the country and found that when taxpayers contribute more money to stadium projects, the cost per acre increases.

On average, for every $1 million that taxpayers spend on baseball or football stadiums, roughly half of that money goes toward upgrades and “extravaganzas.”

One example of what Propheter calls an “opulent” upgrade is the Texas-sized jumbotron at the Dallas Cowboys stadium. The $40 million screen — a total of 11,350 square feet — set a Guinness World Record in 2009 for the planet’s largest high-definition video display.

“If you were to pay the entire bill yourself for a facility, would it look like this?” Propheter said. “Is that additional improvement going to generate more revenue for me than what it costs?”

Other examples listed in his study include the 50-foot-by-150-foot retractable glass doors at the Sacramento Kings stadium or the grass field at Phoenix’s State Farm Stadium that can roll in and out of the stadium at the pull of a lever.

At Kansas City’s own publicly funded Arrowhead Stadium, the Hunt family enjoys a multilevel six-bedroom, three-bathroom luxury suite, complete with a spiral staircase, a fireplace and stained-glass windows.

The best way to prevent the gold plating effect, Propheter said, is to make sure everyone is paying for their own decisions — which means that the government gets involved in design decisions.

But there’s also a much simpler answer.

“If you want to minimize gold plating, minimize the subsidy,” he said. “Smaller subsidies mean smaller gold plating.”

Rendering of the Royals’ proposed ballpark district in the East Crossroads, looking north; rendering courtesy of Populous

Economists agree that public stadiums should only get $10 million to $30 million in subsidies

While voters debate subsidizing the Chiefs and the Royals online, at coffee shops and at public meetings, decades of economic research show that stadium subsidies almost always represent poor investments of public dollars.

“It’s as close to conclusion as you’re gonna get an economist to agree to,” Propheter said. “This thing is going to cost you more money than it provides in benefits.”

A new campaign ad paid for by the Chiefs and Royals advertises a $1 billion investment in Kansas City, which would bring “good-paying jobs” and “small-business growth.”

But economists will tell you that these jobs are often displaced from other areas of the city. Any economic benefit pales in comparison to the $2 billion taxpayers will spend over the next 40 years.

This leaves “intangible” benefits, like the civic pride of having big league baseball and football teams.

“People love their teams,” labor economist Laura Dresser from the University of Wisconsin-Madison told KCUR’s Up to Date. “People are worried about not having their teams, and the team is something about the image of the community.”

Dresser is advocating for Kansas City to adopt a community benefits agreement, similar to one adopted in Milwaukee, that would hold the teams accountable to a set of measurable economic benefits. The teams missed a Feb. 14 deadline to finalize the agreement.

The Chiefs and Royals push the sales tax extension with an implied threat that, without the money and a new lease, they might take their teams to another county, to Kansas or, less likely, to another market.

It’s difficult to quantify the value of civic pride, but economists use a model called “contingent valuation” to estimate these kinds of intangible benefits.

The model uses techniques borrowed from environmental economics for studying things like  how much money someone would be willing to pay to preserve public land or save an endangered species.

Contingent valuation finds that the civic pride of having a major league sports team is worth a fraction of the proposed $2 billion subsidy.

“We’re talking less than $20 to $30 million,” Propheter said, “and that’s being generous.”